稀疏决策树优化是AI自成立以来的最基本问题之一,并且是可解释机器学习核心的挑战。稀疏的决策树优化是计算地的艰难,尽管自1960年代以来稳定的努力,但在过去几年中才突破问题,主要是在找到最佳稀疏决策树的问题上。然而,目前最先进的算法通常需要不切实际的计算时间和内存,以找到一些真实世界数据集的最佳或近最优树,特别是那些具有多个连续值的那些。鉴于这些决策树优化问题的搜索空间是大规模的,我们可以实际上希望找到一个稀疏的决策树,用黑盒机学习模型的准确性竞争吗?我们通过智能猜测策略来解决这个问题,可以应用于基于任何最优分支和绑定的决策树算法。我们表明,通过使用这些猜测,我们可以通过多个数量级来减少运行时间,同时提供所得树木可以偏离黑匣子的准确性和表现力的界限。我们的方法可以猜测如何在最佳决策树错误的持续功能,树的大小和下限上进行换算。我们的实验表明,在许多情况下,我们可以迅速构建符合黑匣子型号精度的稀疏决策树。总结:当您在优化时遇到困难时,就猜测。
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Particle dynamics and multi-agent systems provide accurate dynamical models for studying and forecasting the behavior of complex interacting systems. They often take the form of a high-dimensional system of differential equations parameterized by an interaction kernel that models the underlying attractive or repulsive forces between agents. We consider the problem of constructing a data-based approximation of the interacting forces directly from noisy observations of the paths of the agents in time. The learned interaction kernels are then used to predict the agents behavior over a longer time interval. The approximation developed in this work uses a randomized feature algorithm and a sparse randomized feature approach. Sparsity-promoting regression provides a mechanism for pruning the randomly generated features which was observed to be beneficial when one has limited data, in particular, leading to less overfitting than other approaches. In addition, imposing sparsity reduces the kernel evaluation cost which significantly lowers the simulation cost for forecasting the multi-agent systems. Our method is applied to various examples, including first-order systems with homogeneous and heterogeneous interactions, second order homogeneous systems, and a new sheep swarming system.
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Because of their close relationship with humans, non-human apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons, including siamangs) are of great scientific interest. The goal of understanding their complex behavior would be greatly advanced by the ability to perform video-based pose tracking. Tracking, however, requires high-quality annotated datasets of ape photographs. Here we present OpenApePose, a new public dataset of 71,868 photographs, annotated with 16 body landmarks, of six ape species in naturalistic contexts. We show that a standard deep net (HRNet-W48) trained on ape photos can reliably track out-of-sample ape photos better than networks trained on monkeys (specifically, the OpenMonkeyPose dataset) and on humans (COCO) can. This trained network can track apes almost as well as the other networks can track their respective taxa, and models trained without one of the six ape species can track the held out species better than the monkey and human models can. Ultimately, the results of our analyses highlight the importance of large specialized databases for animal tracking systems and confirm the utility of our new ape database.
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Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women in Canada and the United States, representing over 25% of all new female cancer cases. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment has recently risen in usage as it may result in a patient having a pathologic complete response (pCR), and it can shrink inoperable breast cancer tumors prior to surgery so that the tumor becomes operable, but it is difficult to predict a patient's pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In this paper, we investigate the efficacy of leveraging learnt volumetric deep features from a newly introduced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modality called synthetic correlated diffusion imaging (CDI$^s$) for the purpose of pCR prediction. More specifically, we leverage a volumetric convolutional neural network to learn volumetric deep radiomic features from a pre-treatment cohort and construct a predictor based on the learnt features using the post-treatment response. As the first study to explore the utility of CDI$^s$ within a deep learning perspective for clinical decision support, we evaluated the proposed approach using the ACRIN-6698 study against those learnt using gold-standard imaging modalities, and found that the proposed approach can provide enhanced pCR prediction performance and thus may be a useful tool to aid oncologists in improving recommendation of treatment of patients. Subsequently, this approach to leverage volumetric deep radiomic features (which we name Cancer-Net BCa) can be further extended to other applications of CDI$^s$ in the cancer domain to further improve prediction performance.
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数据集的质量在成功培训和部署深度学习模型中起着至关重要的作用。特别是在系统性能可能影响患者健康状况的医疗领域,干净的数据集是可靠预测的安全要求。因此,在构建自主临床决策系统时,离群值检测是一个必不可少的过程。在这项工作中,我们评估了自组织图对外离检测的适用性,专门针对包含白细胞定量相图像的医学数据集。我们根据量化误差和距离图检测和评估异常值。我们的发现证实了自组织地图对于手头数据集的无监督分布检测的适​​用性。根据专家领域知识,自组织地图与手动指定的过滤器相同。此外,它们在探索和清洁医疗数据集的工具方面显示了希望。作为未来研究的方向,我们建议将自组织地图和基于深度学习的特征提取的结合。
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我们从一组稀疏的光谱时间序列中构建了一个物理参数化的概率自动编码器(PAE),以学习IA型超新星(SNE IA)的内在多样性。 PAE是一个两阶段的生成模型,由自动编码器(AE)组成,该模型在使用归一化流(NF)训练后概率地解释。我们证明,PAE学习了一个低维的潜在空间,该空间可捕获人口内存在的非线性特征范围,并且可以直接从数据直接从数据中准确地对整个波长和观察时间进行精确模拟SNE IA的光谱演化。通过引入相关性惩罚项和多阶段训练设置以及我们的物理参数化网络,我们表明可以在训练期间分离内在和外在的可变性模式,从而消除了需要进行额外标准化的其他模型。然后,我们在SNE IA的许多下游任务中使用PAE进行越来越精确的宇宙学分析,包括自动检测SN Outliers,与数据分布一致的样本的产生以及在存在噪音和不完整数据的情况下解决逆问题限制宇宙距离测量。我们发现,与以前的研究相一致的最佳固有模型参数数量似乎是三个,并表明我们可以用$ 0.091 \ pm 0.010 $ mag标准化SNE IA的测试样本,该样本对应于$ 0.074 \ pm。 0.010 $ mag如果删除了特殊的速度贡献。训练有素的模型和代码在\ href {https://github.com/georgestein/supaernova} {github.com/georgestein/supaernova}上发布
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储层计算机(RCS)是所有神经网络训练最快的计算机之一,尤其是当它们与其他经常性神经网络进行比较时。 RC具有此优势,同时仍能很好地处理顺序数据。但是,由于该模型对其超参数(HPS)的敏感性,RC的采用率滞后于其他神经网络模型。文献中缺少一个自动调谐这些参数的现代统一软件包。手动调整这些数字非常困难,传统网格搜索方法的成本呈指数增长,随着所考虑的HP数量,劝阻RC的使用并限制了可以设计的RC模型的复杂性。我们通过引入RCTORCH来解决这些问题,Rctorch是一种基于Pytorch的RC神经网络软件包,具有自动HP调整。在本文中,我们通过使用它来预测不同力的驱动摆的复杂动力学来证明rctorch的实用性。这项工作包括编码示例。示例Python Jupyter笔记本可以在我们的GitHub存储库https://github.com/blindedjoy/rctorch上找到,可以在https://rctorch.readthedocs.io/上找到文档。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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自从Covid-19大流行开始以来已有两年多之后,这场危机的压力继续在全球范围内摧毁。将胸部X射线(CXR)成像用作RT-PCR测试的互补筛查策略不仅盛行,而且由于其常规临床用于呼吸疾病,而且大大增加了。迄今为止,已经提出了许多基于CXR成像的COVID-19筛选的视觉感知模型。然而,这些模型的准确性和概括能力在很大程度上取决于培训的数据集的多样性和大小。在此激励的情况下,我们介绍了Covidx CXR-3,这是CXR图像的大规模基准数据集,用于支持Covid-19计算机视觉研究。 COVIDX CXR-3由来自至少51个国家 /地区的17,026名患者组成的30,386个CXR图像组成,这使得我们最好,最广泛,最多样化的COVID-19 CXR数据集以开放式访问形式。在这里,我们提供有关拟议数据集的各个方面的全面细节,包括患者人口统计学,影像视图和感染类型。希望Covidx CXR-3可以帮助科学家推进计算机视觉研究,以抵制Covid-19的大流行。
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计算机断层扫描(CT)已被广泛探索为COVID-19筛选和评估工具,以补充RT-PCR测试。为了协助放射科医生进行基于CT的COVID-19筛选,已经提出了许多计算机辅助系统。但是,许多提出的系统都是使用CT数据构建的,该数据的数量和多样性都受到限制。积极支持在机器学习驱动的筛查系统开发的努力时,我们引入了Covidx CT-3,这是一种大规模的跨国基准数据集,用于从胸部CT图像中检测COVID-19病例。COVIDX CT-3包括至少17个国家 /地区的6,068名患者的431,205个CT切片,据我们所知,这是开放式形式的COVID-19 CT图像的最大,最多样化的数据集。此外,我们研究了COVIDX CT-3数据集的数据多样性和潜在偏见,发现尽管策划了来自各种来源的数据,但仍有重大的地理和阶级失衡仍然存在。
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